{"id":3417,"date":"2021-12-19T23:56:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-19T15:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/?p=3417"},"modified":"2025-07-19T14:13:27","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T06:13:27","slug":"investing-has-no-formula","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/","title":{"rendered":"Investing has no formulas, but there are ways to invest successfully"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This post will repeatedly quote the words in my book &#8220;The Rules of Super Growth Stocks Investing&#8221;, and the words in the book referred to are my book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first thing to remind everyone is that &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/08\/06\/most-investors-problem-is-concepts-and-psychology-not-stock-selection\/\">Most investors\u2019 problem is concept and psychology, not stock selection<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Stock_invesment_is_an_art\" >Stock invesment is an art<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#The_consensus_of_investment_gurus\" >The consensus of investment gurus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Most_people_are_superstitious_about_science\" >Most people are superstitious about science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Why_is_this_happening\" >Why is this happening?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Whats_the_consequence\" >What&#8217;s the consequence?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Why_is_there_no_formula\" >Why is there no formula?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#What_are_the_investment_behaviors\" >What are the investment behaviors?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#What_investors_should_do\" >What investors should do?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Concluding_remarks\" >Concluding remarks<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/#Related_articles\" >Related articles<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Stock_invesment_is_an_art\"><\/span><strong>Stock invesment is an art<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-normal-font-size\">In section 1-1 of the book, at the beginning I have the following paragraph: stock investment is an art, not a science, there is no such thing as a 100% guarantee that you can make money after simple mathematical formulas. But there are ways to succeed in investment. It is better if you are talented; but as long as you work hard, have a general level of ability, and add a desire to succeed and become rich, you can rely on stock investment if you are willing to invest for a long time. Successfully achieved the goal of getting rich. Always remember this sentence: &#8220;The correct investment concept, and the use of simple investment methods that have been validated by many successful investors, holding this concept is always more important than how to choose stocks.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_consensus_of_investment_gurus\"><\/span><strong>The consensus of investment gurus<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In section 1-2, there is the following paragraph: In fact, stock investment belongs to the field of economics, not scientific laws such as mathematics or physics. There is no such thing as a simple mathematical formula that can easily get 100% correct answer. Keynes, a master of modern economics, once pointed out: &#8220;The atomic hypothesis is excellent in physics, but it is invalid in the discipline of economics.&#8221; Because the whole is not the sum of the parts, the result of comparing the quantity is meaningless, and small changes are also not meaningful. May have a big impact. Keynes insisted: &#8220;Economics is not a natural science, but a moral science; in other words, economics includes reflection and value judgment.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the book, section 1-2, there is also the following paragraph: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/moneybuilder\/2013\/05\/28\/book-review-billionaire-howard-marks-the-most-important-thing-illuminated\/?sh=75a398486edc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Howard Marks once said &#8220;Investing,&nbsp;like economics, is&nbsp;more art than science.&#8221;<\/a> Benjamin Graham said: &#8220;Common stock selection is a difficult art &#8212; naturally since it offers large rewards for success. It requires a skillful mental balance between the facts of the past and the possibilities of the future.&#8221; Peter Lynch (2000) said: &#8220;Investing in stocks is an art, not a science, and people who\u2019ve been trained to rigidly quantify everything have a big disadvantage.&#8221; Peter Lynch said in an interview: &#8220;In this business if you\u2019re good, you\u2019re right six times out of ten. You\u2019re never going to be right nine times out of ten. This is not like pure science where you go, Aha and you\u2019ve got the answer. By the time you\u2019ve got Aha, Chrysler\u2019s already quadrupled or Boeing\u2019s quadrupled. You have to take a little bit of risk.&#8221; Peter Lynch said &#8220;All the&nbsp;math&nbsp;you need in the&nbsp;stock&nbsp;market you get in the fourth grade.\u201d Peter Lynch stated&nbsp;&#8220;Philosophy and logic are more important than&nbsp;math&nbsp;or finance in picking&nbsp;stocks.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buffett also pointed out: &#8220;Investing is the art, essentially, of laying out cash now to get a whole lot more cash later on, and something at some point better deliver cash.&#8221; He knows that it is impossible to obtain the true value of stocks with precise quantification or scientific calculations. However, investors can still use non-quantitative methods (such as increasing the margin of safety when buying stocks, evaluating the ability of the management team, judging whether the company has lasting competitiveness, and whether the company has proven the ability to continue to generate surpluses), To make up for the lack of accuracy in evaluating the stock price of a company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Most_people_are_superstitious_about_science\"><\/span><strong>Most people are superstitious about science<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In section 5-1, there is the following paragraph: Both Keynes and Buffett object to the use of false precision when valuing stocks. Because stock investment has never been a science, and the most important feature of science is that inferences and hypotheses can be expressed by mathematical formulas, and they can withstand repeated calculations and verifications and get the same results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In section 5-2 of the book, there is the following paragraph: Buffett\u2019s strategy is very similar to Keynes\u2019s. They believe that evaluating enterprises is not a science, but an art. The factors that affect stock market prices and company operations are very similar. It&#8217;s complicated, and people&#8217;s predictive ability is very limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Especially highly educated investors, usually like to show off their cleverness, always thinking that statistics and their own ingenuity can definitely find scientific formulas (as Hayek said). But investment is not science, there is no absolute right and wrong, there is no certainty, there has never been an authoritative and unique bible or guide to judge by, let alone a formula. The key to investment is to try to find a higher probability of success. The market is full of unknowns and risks. No judgment is impeccable and flawed, and there has never been any.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_this_happening\"><\/span><strong>Why is this happening?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In section 5-2, of the book, there is the following paragraph: Albert Einstein once hung a striking slogan in his laboratory &#8220;Not everything that matters can be measured.&#8221; Too much focus on quantitative data may distort the evaluation of stocks. Benjamin Graham wrote &#8220;The combination of precise formulas with highly imprecise assumptions can be used to establish, or rather to justify, practically any value one wishes.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most famous economist Friedrich Hayek has the same view. He believes that almost everyone pays too much attention to quantitative factors, because these values can make use of statistical techniques taught in schools; and factors that are difficult to measure may be more important. Munger agrees with Hayek\u2019s view, and further elaborated everyone takes things that can be quantified too much, because they want to carry forward the statistical skills they learned in school, so ignore those that are impossible to quantify but more important things.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_the_consequence\"><\/span><strong>What&#8217;s the consequence?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Peter Lynch wrote &#8220;Investing in stocks is an art, not a science, and people who\u2019ve been trained to rigidly quantify everything have a big disadvantage.&#8221; Peter Lynch stated &#8220;If stockpicking could be quantified, you could rent time on the nearest Cray computer and make a fortune. But it doesn\u2019t work that way. All the math you need in the stock market you get in the fourth grade. Logic&nbsp;is the subject that\u2019s helped me the&nbsp;most&nbsp;in&nbsp;picking stocks.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only knowing to think rigidly and evaluate everything with numbers, instead of falling into the myth of not seeing the wood for the trees, eventually falling into Charlie Munger &#8220;To the man with only a hammer, every problem looks like a nail.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_there_no_formula\"><\/span><strong>Why is there no formula?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The market is more complicated than human imagination, and there is no formula to follow for the fluctuation of stock prices. <span style=\"font-size: revert;\">Bernard Baruch&#8217;s famous saying &#8220;Don\u2019t try to buy the lowest point, sell to the highest point. No one has a way to do this, except liars.&#8221;<\/span> In short, the stock market is not a science. Don\u2019t expect certainty or formulas. In the past hundreds of years, countless people have found out, there is no formula, and no one will find any formula in the future. But there are still some methods or rules of thumb for investment success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Human civilization continues to progress. The stock market is an activity that everyone participates in, showing collective consciousness and ideas. As long as there is an idea in the stock market (such as the disclosure of major information from listed companies, wars, and important laws related to the industry) with a high probability of immediate profit (this can be regarded as a short-term investment success), it will definitely usher in the imitation of all investors will cause this idea to be profitable and invalid, that is, everyone will immediately follow up (for example, once the acquired company is disclosed, the stock price will immediately rise to close to the offer price). And if the same behavior is repeated in the future, it will no longer be effective, because it is impossible to have the same person, event, time, place, and thing sitting and reappearing for you to copy. But our social, economic, and political situation, these influencing factors are changing all the time &#8212; including human nature, the masses, psychology, daily life, economic supply and demand are more related; not like physics, mathematics, engineering, etc. The knowledge in natural sciences can be verified repeatedly with mathematical formulas, with 100% identical, and correct answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why Keynes said: There are two major uncertainties in the market: &#8220;speculation and the animal instinct of human nature&#8221;, that is, from people&#8217;s &#8220;involuntary impulse to act&#8221;, it is not determined by basic rationality and knowledge. It cannot be calculated by mathematical formulas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buffett said, &#8220;Guess the market, that&#8217;s what God is doing.&#8221; A hundred years ago, when the great banker John Pierpont Morgan was once asked by a young man for his stock market forecast, and he famously replied: <strong>&#8220;<\/strong>Young man, I believe that markets will fluctuate.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_investment_behaviors\"><\/span><strong>What are the investment behaviors?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following common investment behaviors are actually typical operations trying to find investment formulas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Superstition in quantitative investment: retail investors are completely unsuitable for this type of investment method designed for Wall Street or super institutions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>swing trading: Be smart, think that you are comparable to God, can accurately predict stock price trends; back and forth operation can make both ends.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trying to find mathematical formulas from historical data: Believe the superstitious of science, thinking that he or she is smarter than all human beings in the past hundreds of years, and insisting on using his or her own power and ingenuity to find mathematical formulas to predict stock prices and markets trend.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bragging about financial models: Almost all financial models are expressed in Greek equations and explained by so-called financial experts. In fact, most of them are cheerleaders of financial management professionals. Anything with Greek letters, calculus, advanced mathematics, or mathematics beyond addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is useless in investment, and spending time on it is just wasting your time means that you are the leek and fooled by liars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Any prediction: All inferences without factual basis are untenable in investment; whether expressed by mathematical formulas, or predicting the market and the price of individual stocks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_investors_should_do\"><\/span><strong>What investors should do?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>John Templeton said &#8220;Success leaves traces.&#8221; There is no formula for investment success, but there are methods; what we want is to find the method by ourselves, not relying on the stock touted by celebrity. It takes time and a lot of effort to find your own successful investment method, but once you establish your own investment method, these costs are worth it, because you have found the key to invest success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"167\" height=\"93\" src=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/09\/Pixapopz.jpg\" alt=\"formula\" class=\"wp-image-13927\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">credit: Pixapopz<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Concluding_remarks\"><\/span><strong>Concluding remarks<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The stock market is extremely complicate, and there are innumerable factors that affect stock prices. These are not completely mastered by human wisdom; this is why it is impossible to have formulas. Trying to find any formula, a shortcut to delusion, and looking for the formula to get rich overnight, there is nothing to do with it, and it will never succeed. These ideas have been tried by countless people in the past and nobody succeeded, and no one will succeed in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">Munger once said, &#8220;The desire to get rich fast is pretty dangerous.&#8221; &#8220;There isn\u2019t a single formula. You need to know a lot about business and human nature and the numbers\u2026 It is unreasonable to expect that there is a magic system that will do it for you.&#8221;<\/span> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even Munger agrees there&#8217;s no universal formula that is applicable to all investors. He says,&nbsp;<strong><em>&#8220;I can&#8217;t give you a formulaic approach, because I don&#8217;t use one. If you want a formula, you should go back to graduate school. They&#8217;ll give you lots of formulas that won&#8217;t work.&#8221;<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_articles\"><\/span>Related articles<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2022\/07\/27\/survivorship-bias\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">People believe successful investors are survivorship bias cannot succeed<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2024\/12\/26\/complicated-math-stock\/\">Complicated math is not required in stock investing<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2025\/07\/18\/learning-to-avoid-failure\/\">Learning to avoid failure<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2025\/06\/06\/seeking-facts\/\">Seeking facts is the first step in investment<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/07\/10\/sustained-investor\/\">A investor can be sustained or not? how to verify?<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/12\/19\/investing-has-no-formula\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Investing has no formulas, but there are ways to invest successfully<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2024\/02\/28\/factor-luck\/\">How big a factor does luck play in investment success?<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2022\/04\/19\/successful-investors\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The main investment principles of successful investors are similar<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/09\/06\/chance-of-making-mistakes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Invest success depends on less chance of making mistakes<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2022\/03\/mistakes-of-omission-and-mistakes-of-commission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mistakes of omission and mistakes of commission<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/10\/02\/investment-uncertainty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The uncertainty in investment<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/2021\/08\/06\/most-investors-problem-is-concepts-and-psychology-not-stock-selection\/\">Most investors\u2019 problem is concept and psychology, not stock selection<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Disclaimer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>The content of this site is the author\u2019s personal opinions and is for reference only. I am not responsible for the correctness, opinions, and immediacy of the content and information of the article. Readers must make their own judgments.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>I shall not be liable for any damages or other legal liabilities for the direct or indirect losses caused by the readers&#8217; direct or indirect reliance on and reference to the information on this site, or all the responsibilities arising therefrom, as a result of any investment behavior.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There are ways to invest successfully, but there can be no formulas. This post will repeatedly quote the words in my book &#8220;The Rules of Super Growth Stocks Investing&#8221;, and the words in the book referred to are my book.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13927,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,50,403,15,383,13,17,16,18,42,20,206,397,204,43,779,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3417","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-investing-concept","category-benjamin-graham","category-bernard-baruch","category-charlie-munger","category-howard-marks","category-investing-behavior","category-investing-psychology","category-investing-skills","category-investing-strategy","category-john-maynard-keynes","category-john-templeton","category-management-team","category-margin-of-safety","category-moats-and-competitive-advantages","category-peter-lynch","category-risks","category-buffett"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3417"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37398,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3417\/revisions\/37398"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3417"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3417"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}