{"id":24331,"date":"2023-05-23T23:56:00","date_gmt":"2023-05-23T15:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/?p=24331"},"modified":"2024-10-04T22:16:05","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T14:16:05","slug":"%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u58fd\u547d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u986f\u793a\/\u96b1\u85cf\u5167\u5bb9\u76ee\u9304\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E6%88%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9\" >\u6211\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5167\u5bb9<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6\" >\u827e\u5229\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6\" >\u9054\u7279\u8305\u65af\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD\" >\u7f8e\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E6%96%B0%E8%88%8A%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0\" >\u65b0\u820a\u4f01\u696d\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%9F\" >\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u5462\uff1f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99\" >\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%81%E9%BB%9E\" >\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u58fd\u547d\u7684\u8981\u9ede<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#1990%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E8%82%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8\" >1990\u5e74\u6642\u7684\u7f8e\u80a1\u5927\u516c\u53f8<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%80%E6%82%A0%E4%B9%85%E7%9A%845%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD\" >\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6b77\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u76845\u5bb6\u4f01\u696d<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F\" >\u806f\u5408\u611b\u8fea\u751f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E5%8B%9E%E5%90%88%E7%A4%BE\" >\u52de\u5408\u793e<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8\" >\u570b\u969b\u5546\u696d\u6a5f\u5668<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4\" >\u5854\u7279\u723e\u8fb2\u5834<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B5%84\" >\u91d1\u525b\u7d44<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E7%B5%90%E8%AB%96\" >\u7d50\u8ad6<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%e4%bc%81%e6%a5%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%a3%bd%e5%91%bd\/#%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0\" >\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u7ae0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E6%88%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9\"><\/span>\u6211\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u5167\u5bb9<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u6211\u7684<span style=\"font-size: revert;\">\u300a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.books.com.tw\/products\/0010935641?sloc=main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10\u500d\u80a1\u6cd5\u5247<\/a>\u300b\u4e00\u66f82-2\u5c0f\u7bc0\uff0c80\u81f381\u9801\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u80a1\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d\u70ba20\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u52e4\u696d\u773e\u4fe1\uff08Deloitte &amp; Touche\uff09\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u6a19\u666e500\u6307\u6578\u7684\u6210\u5206\u80a1\u65bc\u4e0a\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u76841960\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u6307\u6578\u88e1\u9762\u5e73\u5747\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u70ba32\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u53ea\u670924\u5e74\uff1b\u518d\u6839\u64da\u7f8e\u570b\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cbCB Insights\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u6a19\u666e500\u6307\u6578\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u65bc1955\u5e74\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u6307\u6578\u88e1\u5e73\u5747\u5b58\u6d3b\u58fd\u547d\u70ba61\u5e74\uff0c\u52302015\u5e74\u6642\u4e0b\u964d\u70ba17\u5e74\uff0c\u672a\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u77ed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u745e\u58eb\u4fe1\u8cb8\uff08Credit Suisse\uff0c\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aCS\uff09\u6839\u64daBDS\uff08U.S. Census&#8217;s Business Dynamics Statistics\uff09\u81ea1977\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u6578\u64da\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u5247\u986f\u793a\u4e0d\u5230 50% \u7684\u4e0a\u5e02\u516c\u53f8\u58fd\u547d\u70ba10\u5e74\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff1b2016\u5e74\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c1\u5e74\u671f\u58fd\u547d\u738775%\uff0c5\u5e74\u671f\u58fd\u547d45%\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6\"><\/span>\u827e\u5229\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67e5\u723e\u65af\uff0e\u827e\u5229\u65af(Charles D. Ellis)\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\uff0c1900\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6392\u540d\u524d\u5341\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c50\u5e74\u5f8c\u7121\u4e00\u4f4d\u5217\u524d\u5341\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u52c9\u5f37\u5b58\u6d3b\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u53ea\u5269\u4e09\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u827e\u5229\u65af\u5728\u4ed6\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u9867\u554f\u696d\u7684\u9ea5\u80af\u932b\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u754c\u7684\u6885\u5967\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u7684Cravath\uff0c\u6295\u8cc7\u754c\u7684\u9ad8\u76db\u548c\u8cc7\u672c\u96c6\u5718\u7d93\u6b77\u5e7e\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u662f\u5f88\u5c11\u6578\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u8457\u884c\u696d\u539f\u672c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E9%81%94%E7%89%B9%E8%8C%85%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6\"><\/span>\u9054\u7279\u8305\u65af\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u570b\u9054\u7279\u8305\u65af\u5b78\u9662\uff08Dartmouth\uff09\u7684\u7dad\u5091\uff0e \u2fbc\u6587\u9054\u62c9\u7c21\uff08Vijay Govindarajan\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u7d0d\u666e\uff0e\u65af\u2fa5\u2f61\u65af\u5854\u2f61\uff08Anup Srivastava\uff09\u5169\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u66fe\u9032\u884c\u904e\u7f8e\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u8981\u9ede\u5982\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD\"><\/span>\u7f8e\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u7f8e\u570b\u300a\u8ca1\u5bcc\u300b\uff08Fortune\uff09\u96dc\u8a8c\u5831\u5c0e\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b62%\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u58fd\u547d\u5e73\u5747\u4e0d\u903e5\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u696d\u4f4e\u65bc\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u8de8\u570b\u4f01\u696d10\u81f312\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9577\u58fd\u7684\u662f\u5927\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u523040\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u80fd\u5920\u88ab\u7d0d\u5165\u6a19\u666e500\u6307\u6578\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u57281960\u5e74\u4ee3\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u516d\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u50c5\u50c5\u5341\u5e74\u800c\u5df2\u30021955\u5e74\u540d\u5217\u300a\u8ca1\u5bcc\u300b500\u5927\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u904e\u4e8662\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e0d\u523012%\u9084\u540d\u52172017\u5e74\u7684\u699c\u55ae\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u905488%\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u4e0d\u662f\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u53e6\u4e00\u9593\u516c\u53f8\u5408\u4f75\u6216\u6536\u8cfc\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u9084\u6d3b\u8457\u4e5f\u6389\u51fa\u300a\u8ca1\u5bcc\u300b500\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u5217\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7d0d\u51651960\u52302009\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u670929,688\u5bb6\u7f8e\u570b\u80a1\u5e02\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4f01\u696d\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u4ee5\u2f17\u5e74\u70ba\u55ae\u4f4d\u9032\u2f8f\u5206\u7d44\uff0c\u4e26\u6aa2\u67e5\u6bcf\u500b\u7d44\u5225\u4e2d\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e02\u4e94\u5e74\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u4f01\u696d\u58fd\u547d\u6b63\u6301\u7e8c\u7e2e\u6e1b\uff1a1970\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u4e94\u5e74\u5167\u5b58\u6d3b\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u670992 \uff05\uff0c\u7136\u2f7d\uff0c2000\u52302009\u5e74\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7814\u7a76\u2f08\u54e1\u5df2\u5c0d\u7db2\u8def\u6ce1\u6cab\u7834\u6ec5\u8207\u2fa6\u878d\u6d77\u562f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u9032\u2f8f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u9084\u662f\u53ea\u670963\uff05\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E6%96%B0%E8%88%8A%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E9%96%93%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0\"><\/span>\u65b0\u820a\u4f01\u696d\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c2000\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u82b1\u8cbb\u5728\u7d44\u7e54\u8cc7\u672c\u8207\u5be6\u9ad4\u8cc7\u7522\u4e0a\u7684\u8cbb\u2f64\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u662f2000\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u76842\u500d\u82070.5\u500d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u8f03\u65b0\u9032\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u53ef\u4ee5\u5feb\u901f\u63a8\u51fa\u8207\u914d\u9001\u7684\u65b0\u7a4e\u5546\u696d\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u670d\u52d9\u3002\u9019\u8b93\u5b83\u5011\u6bd4\u2f00\u822c\u88fd\u9020\u5546\u5177\u5099\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300e\u69cb\u60f3\u300f\u578b\u4f01\u696d\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6602\u8cb4\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8a2d\u65bd\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u2f2f\u5ee0\u3001\u5009\u5eab\u8207\u4f9b\u61c9\u5546\u3002\u300d\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u512a\u52e2\u662f\u500b\u96d9\u2faf\u5203\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u88dc\u5145\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u597d\u6d88\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u8f03\u65b0\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u6bd4\u8f03\u654f\u6377\u3002\u58de\u6d88\u606f\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u5f88\u77ed\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u5b83\u5011\u80fd\u6301\u7e8c\u5275\u65b0\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9019\u5169\u4f4d\u9054\u7279\u8305\u65af\u7814\u7a76\u2f08\u54e1\u627e\u51fa\u5c0e\u81f4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6500\u5347\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u985e\u578b\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc2000\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5927\u578b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u5947\u7570\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff08\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aGE\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u90fd\u64c1\u6709\u2f2f\u5ee0\u3001\u7522\u54c1\u3001\u4f9b\u61c9\u93c8\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u30022000\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e0a\u5e02\u7684\u65b0\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u662f\u6578\u4f4d\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u5247\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u5feb\u901f\u4eff\u6548\u7684\u91cd\u2f24\u6253\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2fbc\u6587\u9054\u62c9\u7c21\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5275\u9020\u6027\u7834\u58de\u5411\u4f86\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u7d0d\u5165\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u2f12\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5be6\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u9031\u671f\u8f03\u2ed1\u3002\u5728\u4ee5\u79d1\u6280\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u7522\u696d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9031\u671f\u5faa\u74b0\u901f\u5ea6\u6703\u52a0\u5feb\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%91%A2%EF%BC%9F\"><\/span>\u5176\u5b83\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u5462\uff1f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u570b\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u5982\u4f55\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7f8e\u570b\u300a\u8ca1\u5bcc\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b\uff08FORTUNE\uff09\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u6578\u5b57\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u524d500\u5927\u4f01\u696d\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d\u662f40\u81f342\u5e74\uff0c100\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u5247\u53ea\u670930\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u65e5\u7d93\u9031\u520a\u8abf\u67e5\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u767e\u5bb6\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u5f8c\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u76db\u4e16\u4e0d\u6703\u8d85\u904e\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u30022019\u5e74\u5f8c\u85e4\u4fca\u592b\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d\u5168\u7403\u6700\u9577\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u64c1\u6709\u6700\u591a\u767e\u5e74\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4f01\u696d\u5e73\u5747\u53ea\u67093\u5e74\u7684\u58fd\u547d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6839\u64da\u7d93\u6fdf\u90e8\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u696d\u8655\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u4e2d\u5c0f\u4f01\u696d\u5e73\u5747\u5b58\u6d3b\u58fd\u547d\u50c5\u670913 \u5e74\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u53f0\u7063\u904e\u534a\u6578\u7684\u4e0a\u5e02\u6ac3\u4f01\u696d\u90fd\u5df2\u6210\u7acb\u8d85\u904e 30 \u5e74\uff0c\u4f01\u696d\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f61\u7d0433\u5e74\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99\"><\/span>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A6%81%E9%BB%9E\"><\/span>\u95dc\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u58fd\u547d\u7684\u8981\u9ede<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6211\u8981\u63d0\u9192\u6295\u8cc7\u4eba\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u58fd\u547d\u548c\u80a1\u50f9\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u6295\u8cc7\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u8981\u9ede\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed4\u7d30\u597d\u597d\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e0d\u50c5\u80fd\u5354\u52a9\u6295\u8cc7\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u6a19\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u7be9\u9078\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5354\u52a9\u6295\u8cc7\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5831\u916c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6839\u64da\u6211\u7684\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.books.com.tw\/products\/0010935641?sloc=main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10\u500d\u80a1\u6cd5\u5247<\/a>\u300b\u4e00\u66f82-2\u5c0f\u7bc0\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u6578\u64da\uff1b\u7f8e\u570b\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u80a1\u50f9\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6f32\u5e45\u90fd\u767c\u751f\u5728\u524d20\u5e74\uff1b20\u5e74\u5f8c\u523030\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u5df2\u9032\u5165\u696d\u52d9\u6210\u719f\u7a69\u5b9a\u671f\uff0c\u80a1\u50f9\u7684\u6f32\u5e45\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u592a\u5927\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u6839\u64da\u5e02\u8abf\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u4e0a\u5e02\u5f8c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6bb5\u4e0b\u5e02\u7684\u671f\u9593\u662f\u4e0a\u5e02\u5f8c\u76844\u81f35\u5e74\u9593\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1965\u52302014\u768450\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u8ca1\u5bcc500\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u53ea\u670977\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u7559\u5728\u6a19\u666e500\u6307\u6578\u88e1\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u6c70\u63db\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u9ad8\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1990%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%82%E7%9A%84%E7%BE%8E%E8%82%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8\"><\/span>1990\u5e74\u6642\u7684\u7f8e\u80a1\u5927\u516c\u53f8<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5805\u4fe1\u597d\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u6703\u8868\u73fe\u826f\u597d\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u30021970\u5e74\u81f31980\u5e74\u6642\uff0c\u591a<br>\u6578\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u6295\u8cc7\u4eba\u6700\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u80a1\u7968\u662f\u65af\u502b\u8c9d\u8b1d\u6cb9\u7530\u516c\u53f8\uff08Schlumberger\uff0c\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aSLB\uff09\uff1b\u96d6\u8aaa\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u5b83\u4ecd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u904e\u53bb\u5728\u80a1\u5e02\u4e2d\u7684\u8d85\u7d1a\u660e\u661f\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u65e9\u5c31\u4e0d\u5fa9\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u30021980\u5e74\u4ee3\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u8a8d\u70baIBM\uff08\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aIBM\uff09\u5728\u96fb\u8166\u7522\u696d\u4e2d\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u5730\u4f4d\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7372\u5229\u6700\u591a\u4e14\u7ba1\u7406\u5f97\u6700\u597d\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u662f\u8cd3\u5915\u6cd5\u5c3c\u4e9e\u9435\u8def\uff08\u5df2\u505c\u6b62\u71df\u904b\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%80%E6%82%A0%E4%B9%85%E7%9A%845%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD\"><\/span>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6b77\u53f2\u6700\u60a0\u4e45\u76845\u5bb6\u4f01\u696d<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%84%9B%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F\"><\/span>\u806f\u5408\u611b\u8fea\u751f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u80fd\u6e90\u516c\u53f8\u806f\u5408\u611b\u8fea\u751f\uff08Consolidated Edison\uff0c\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aED\uff09\u65bc 197 \u5e74\u524d\u5728\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6642\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u6b23\u6b23\u5411\u69ae\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%8B%9E%E5%90%88%E7%A4%BE\"><\/span><strong>\u52de\u5408\u793e<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u52de\u5408\u793e\uff08Lloyd&#8217;s of London\uff09\u65bc333\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u5728\u502b\u6566\u5275\u7acb\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8e8d\u3002\u52de\u5408\u793e\u7684\u4fdd\u96aa\u696d\u52d9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4fdd\u96aa\u548c\u518d\u4fdd\u96aa\uff0c\u4f46\u5076\u723e\u4e5f\u6d89\u8db3\u4eba\u58fd\u4fdd\u96aa\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8\"><\/span>\u570b\u969b\u5546\u696d\u6a5f\u5668<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u570b\u969b\u5546\u696d\u6a5f\u5668\uff08IBM\uff0c\u7f8e\u80a1\u4ee3\u78bc\uff1aIBM\uff09 \u65bc 1911 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id=\"%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0\"><\/span>\u76f8\u95dc\u6587\u7ae0<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/05\/23\/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%BD%E5%91%BD\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u58fd\u547d<\/a>\u300b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2023\/03\/18\/%E7%BE%8E%E8%82%A1%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E8%99%A7%E6%90%8D%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%80%E7%9B%B4%E6%98%AF%E5%B8%B8%E6%85%8B\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u7f8e\u80a1\u4e0a\u5e02\u4f01\u696d\u8667\u640d\u5176\u5be6\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5e38\u614b<\/a>\u300b<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.granitefirm.com\/blog\/blog\/2022\/07\/16\/ibm%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e8%b3%ba%e9%8c%a2%ef%bc%9f%e7%8f%be%e5%9c%a8%e7%b6%93%e7%87%9f%e5%be%97%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e4%ba%86%ef%bc%9f\/\">IBM\u5982\u4f55\u8cfa\u9322\uff1f\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u70ba\u4f55? <\/a>\u300b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>\u91cd\u8981\u8072\u660e<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul 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