Amazon Quantum Chip Ocelot
Amazon released a quantum computer chip at the re:Invent annual conference held by AWS in November 2023. The chips were stacked on top of each other through advanced packaging technology and mounted on a gold-plated copper substrate, making significant progress in quantum computing. In February 2025, following Alphabet and Microsoft, it officially launched its own quantum chip named Ocelot.
Compared with current quantum error correction methods, costs can be reduced by up to 90%. Developed by the AWS Quantum Computing Center team at Caltech, Ocelot is an important breakthrough in the process of building a fault-tolerant quantum computer. Fault-tolerant quantum computers will be able to solve major business and scientific problems that are beyond the reach of today’s conventional computers. In the future, quantum chips designed with the Ocelot architecture will require significantly fewer error correction resources, reducing their costs to one-fifth of current methods. Amazon believes this will accelerate the arrival of practical quantum computers by up to five years.
Amazon said its chip helps achieve so-called bosonic error correction, an important step in enabling quantum computing systems to regularly solve calculations that would take conventional computers years to complete. Ocelot uses so-called cat qubits, which require only nine physical qubits to produce a working logical qubit. Amazon’s director of quantum hardware, Pant, said that Amazon’s approach may allow quantum computers to be used for practical purposes in the future with only 100,000 qubits instead of 1 million.
Microsoft quantum chip Majorana 1
Microsoft released the Majorana 1 chip on February 19, 2025. Majorana 1 is a chip that can be held in one hand and is slightly larger than today’s computer processors. However, it can expand the quantum bits (qubits) required for quantum computing to 1 million on a single chip. It is the world’s first QPU (Quantum Processing Unit) driven by topological qubits. A million qubits could be packed onto a single chip, creating a full-scale quantum computer.
The chip does not use electrons to perform calculations, but instead uses Majorana particles, which were described by theoretical physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. Microsoft has built a new material, topoconductor, that can create topological superconductivity and design a completely different type of quantum bit that is small, fast and digitally controllable.
Microsoft believes the advance will enable it to build a practical quantum computer by the end of the century and eventually surpass other companies in the field.
Willow chip from Alphabet
Alphabet’s Google will launch the Willow quantum computing chip by the end of 2024. In early December 2024, Google stated that its quantum computer chip Willow can reduce the amount of errors produced by quantum computers and solve the challenges that have existed in the field of quantum computing for nearly 30 years.
The chip has 105 qubits, about twice the number of Google’s previous Sycamore chip. In addition, the retention time of qubits (called T1 time) has been greatly improved, increasing by about five times compared to previous chips, allowing them to retain information longer, ensuring stability and accuracy. This technology will have practical applications in drug discovery, fusion energy, battery design and other fields in the future. However, Google also believes that quantum chips with commercial application value will be difficult to mass-produce before 2030.
For details about the Willow quantum computing chip, please see my post of: “”Google’s Willow chip rally related quantum computing stocks. Is it justified?“
What tech giants think
After Alphabet’s Google launched the Willow quantum computing chip at the end of 2024, Meta’s Zuckerberg and Nvidia’s Jensun Huang successively expressed their views on the current development of quantum computing:
On January 13, 2025, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg warned that computer applications with this capability are still years away. “I’m not an expert in quantum computing, but my understanding is that this is still a long way from being a very useful model,” he said on the Joe Rogan podcast, which was released on Friday. He added that many people think this is The technology could still be “more than a decade” away.
On January 8, 2025, Jensen Huang said that it might still be decades before “very useful” quantum computers are available, causing quantum concept stocks to plummet by more than 10%, dousing the soaring market. “For very useful quantum computers, if you’re talking about 15 years, that’s probably very early, and if you’re talking about 30 years, that’s probably late,” Huang said during a question-and-answer session at Nvidia’s investor day. If we choose 20 years, I think most of us would believe it.” Such views have caused significant fluctuations in the stock prices of quantum computing companies listed on the U.S. stock market.
Note: Three months later, in March 2025, at Nvidia’s first “Quantum Day,” Jensun Huang admitted that “I was wrong” about his statement that “quantum computers may still be decades away,” and said, “My first reaction was that I really didn’t know they were a listed company. How could a quantum computing company go public?” He explained that the reason for this statement was mainly a reflection of his decades of experience in building computing platforms, and he believed that this time frame was quite convincing.
On February 5, 2025, Hartmut Neven, head of Alphabet’s Google quantum computing department, told Reuters that Google estimates that it will achieve commercial applications of quantum computing within five years. This prediction differs from the view of Nvidia founder Jensen Huang.
“We are optimistic that we will be able to achieve real applications of quantum computers within five years,” Niven said in a statement. Google has begun exploring real-world applications of quantum computing, covering areas such as materials science (such as building better batteries for electric vehicles), the development of innovative drugs and possible new energy alternatives.
Quantum computing vendors’ feedback
The CEOs of these quantum computing companies could no longer sit still and jumped out to refute: “We currently have enterprise-level customers.” Indeed, some large companies are customers of some listed quantum computing companies, but The problem is that their total order amounts are not large, and they are all used by very large enterprises.
Why don’t most companies want to adopt it? Why do these listed quantum computing companies have such small sales? I leave these two important questions for readers to think about.
How big is quantum computing market?
According to iCV TA&K data, the scale of the world quantum computing industry will be US$4.7 billion in 2023, and will exceed US$800 billion by 2035.
Fortune Business Insights says the quantum computing market is likely to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 34.8% between 2024 and 2032
Advantages of quantum computing
I would like to remind everyone here that as far as current development is concerned, quantum computing is not completely useless. I agree with Zuckerberg’s summary, at least as far as the developments so far are concerned.
Meta CEO Zuckerberg mentioned: “Quantum computers are suitable for solving ‘small data, big calculation’ problems, but they are not good at dealing with problems that require large amounts of data” because these computers communicate with humans via microwaves. The comments poured cold water on any short-term surge in quantum computing stocks.
Share Performance of quantum computing related stocks
| Ticker | Past 1 year share performance | Past 5 years share performance | Note |
| QUBT | 1265.79% | 361.33% | |
| QBTS | 545.65% | -45.30% | |
| IONQ | 285.64% | 258.67% | |
| RGTI | 897.73% | 32.90% | |
| QTUM | 49.27% | 182.89% | Defiance Quantum ETF |
| GOOGL | 44.53% | 184.79% | |
| IBM | 36.81% | 86.25% | |
| HON | 13.39% | 29.15% | |
| INTC | -55.19% | -69.61% | |
| SPY,IVV,VOO | 23.12% | 87.27% | S&P 500 index |
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